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which 7 were RCTs and 2 were cohort studies. Results of meta-analysis showed that after biological valve replacement/repair,the
        incidence of stroke and systemic embolism(SSE)[OR=0.71,95%CI(0.52,0.97),P=0.03],major bleeding [OR=0.40,95%CI
       (0.30,0.54),P<0.000 01] and intracranial hemorrhage [OR=0.20,95%CI(0.04,0.95),P=0.04] in trial group were significantly
        lower than warfarin group;there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between 2 groups [OR=1.25,95%CI(0.88,
        1.79),P=0.22]. After mechanical valve replacement/repair,there were no significant difference in the incidence of SSE [OR=1.52,
        95%CI(0.04,60.29),P=0.82] or all-cause mortality [OR=0.26,95%CI(0.04,1.84),P=0.18] between 2 groups. The results of
        subgroup analysis according to the follow-up time showed that after biological valve replacement/repair,the incidence of SSE in
        trial group was significantly lower than that in control group when the follow-up time was ≤3 months [OR=0.20,95%CI(0.06,
        0.74),P=0.03];but there was no significant difference in the incidence of major bleeding between 2 groups [OR=0.67,95%CI
       (0.19,2.38),P=0.53];when the follow-up time was longer than 3 months,there was no statistical significance in the incidence
        of SSE between 2 groups [OR=0.74,95% CI(0.54,1.02),P=0.07],while the incidence of major bleeding in trial group was
        significantly lower than control group [OR=0.39,95%CI(0.29,0.52),P<0.001]. Subgroup analysis by study type showed that
        after biological valve replacement/repair,the incidence of SSE in the RCT in trial group was significantly lower than that in control
        group [OR=0.51,95% CI(0.29,0.92),P=0.03],but there was no significant difference in the incidence of major bleeding
        between 2 groups[OR=0.58,95%CI(0.33,1.03),P=0.06]. In cohort study,there was no significant difference in the incidence of
        SSE between 2 groups [OR=1.03,95% CI(0.40,2.66),P=0.95],while the incidence of major bleeding in trial group was
        significantly lower than control group [OR=0.20,95%CI(0.06,0.74),P<0.001]. Sensitivity analysis results showed that the results
        of the above-mentioned meta-analysis were relatively robust. CONCLUSIONS For the patients underwent biological valve
        replacement/repair,the effectiveness and safety of NOACs are better than or similar to those of warfarin;for the patients
        underwent mechanical valve replacement/repair,there is no significant difference in the effectiveness and safety between NOACs
        and warfarin.
        KEYWORDS     new oral anticoagulant; warfarin; heart valve replacement; postoperative anticoagulation; efficacy; safety;
        meta-analysis

            心脏瓣膜病(valvular heart disease,VHD)是指因先          者,NOACs 已逐步替代华法林,但 NOACs 用于心脏瓣
        天性发育异常或由其他各种疾病(如风湿、退行性病变、                          膜置换术后抗凝有效性和安全性的结果不一 。基于
                                                                                                    [7]
        感染等)引起的心脏瓣膜及其附属结构解剖学或功能异                           此,本研究采用 Meta 分析的方法比较了 NOACs 与华法
                                                  [1]
        常,最终可引发心力衰竭、心律失常等临床综合征 。该                          林用于心脏瓣膜置换术后患者抗凝的有效性和安全性,
        疾病影响着全球1亿以上的人口,每年有数十万严重的                           旨在为临床用药提供循证参考。
        VHD患者需要进行心脏瓣膜置换术以提高生存质量和                           1 资料与方法
        延长生存期,但由于心脏瓣膜置换术后易出现血栓,故                           1.1  纳入与排除标准
                             [2]
        患者需要接受抗凝治疗 。华法林为维生素 K 拮抗剂                          1.1.1  研究类型      研究类型为国内外公开发表的随机
       (vitamin K antagonists,VKAs),主要用于心脏瓣膜置换             对照研究(randomized controlled trial,RCT)和队列研
        术后血栓的预防性治疗,虽然抗凝效果明确,但其体内                           究;语种限定为中文和英文。
        代谢过程易受遗传和环境因素(食物、药物等)的影响,                          1.1.2  研究对象      研究对象为接受心脏瓣膜置换术(包
        且治疗窗窄,临床用药时需要通过频繁调整剂量来达到                           括机械瓣膜和生物瓣膜置换/修复术)且术后需要进行抗
        目标治疗浓度 。                                           凝治疗的患者。
                    [3]
            新型口服抗凝药(new oral anticoagulants,NOACs)         1.1.3  干预措施      试验组患者给予 NOACs,包括利伐
        主要包括凝血因子Ⅹa 抑制剂(如利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、                         沙班、阿哌沙班、依度沙班或达比加群。对照组患者给
        依度沙班)和直接凝血酶抑制剂(如达比加群)。与华法                          予华法林,需根据患者的国际标准化比值(international
        林相比,NOACs 具有更快的药动学行为、更少的副作                         normalized ratio,INR)调整剂量,INR 目标范围为 2~3。
                                                [4]
        用,且无需频繁调整剂量及监测患者凝血功能 。2021                         两组患者的疗程或剂量不限。
        年欧洲心律协会相关指南指出,对于生物瓣膜置换/修复                          1.1.4  结局指标      本研究的结局指标包括:(1)有效性
        术后合并房颤的患者,尤其是在术后 8~12 周,NOACs                      指标,如SSE发生率(主要疗效指标)、全因死亡率(次要
        可作为其有效的治疗选择,但缺乏相关的循证证据;而                           疗效指标);(2)安全性指标,如大出血发生率(主要安全
        对于机械瓣膜置换/修复术患者,VKAs是上述指南唯一                         性指标,大出血标准参照国际血栓形成和止血学会相关
                                                                   [8]
        推荐的用于该类患者预防卒中/系统性栓塞(stroke and                     指南定义 )、颅内出血发生率(次要安全性指标)。
                                        [5]
        systemic emblism,SSE)的口服抗凝药 。最新临床研究                1.1.5  排除标准      排除标准包括:(1)系统评价/Meta分
        发现,NOACs 可用于预防机械瓣膜性心脏病患者 SSE                       析、病例分析、会议摘要或综述;(2)重复发表的文献;
              [6]
        的发生 。在近年来的研究中,对于非瓣膜性房颤患                            (3)无相应结果数据的文献。

        中国药房    2022年第33卷第2期                                               China Pharmacy 2022 Vol. 33 No. 2  ·231 ·
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