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Study on the Correlation between Morphological Characteristics and Chemical Constituents of Garden
Ginseng，Mountain Transplanted Ginseng and Mountain-grown Ginseng Based on“Evaluating Quality
from Morphological Characteristics”
DAI Quankuan ，LI Linyuan ，XU Guobing ，TANG Dan ，MA Hongyan （1. College of TCM，Guangdong
2
1
1
1
1
Pharmaceutical University，Guangzhou 510006，China；2. Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control，Hefei
230051，China）
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE：To investigate the correlation between the morphological characteristics and chemical constituents of
garden ginseng（GG），mountain transplanted ginseng（MTG）and mountain-grown ginseng（MGG），so as to provide evidence for
elucidating the scientific connotation of“evaluating quality from morphological characteristics”. METHODS：A total of 30 batches
of GG，MTG and MGG were collected. The contents of 11 saponins（ginsenoside Rg1，Re，Rg2，F1，Rb1，Rb2，Rb3，Rc，Rd，Ro，
Rf）were determined by UPLC. The determination was performed on Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column with mobile phase consisted
®
of 0.1％ Formic acid solution-0.1％ Acetonitrile formate solution（gradient elution）at the flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The column
temperature was set at 35 ℃. The detection wavelength was set at 203 nm，and sample size was 5 μL. The content of starch was
determined by colorimetry，and the absorbance value was measured at 559 nm with 0.5％ iodine-potassium iodide as the color
reagent. SPSS 23.0 statistical software was used to perform Pearson relationship analysis for appearance characteristic indexes
（number of stem scars，rhizome length，texture）with the contents of 11 kinds of saponins，the content of total saponins，the
content ratio of panaxatriol saponin（PPT）/panaxadiol saponin（PPD），the content of starch. RESULTS：The linear relationship
between UPLC and colorimetry was good（r＞0.999）. RSDs of precision，reproducibility and stability tests were all lower than
5％ . Average recoveries were 95.17％ -105.20％（RSD＜5％ ，n＝6）. Except for ginsenoside Rf，the contents of other 10
ginsenosides were positively correlated with the number of stem scars，so were the contents of 11 gensenosides with the rhizome
length（r＞0，P＜0.05），and they were negatively correlated with the firmness of the texture（r＜0，P＜0.05）. The content of
starch in P. ginseng was positively correlated with texture firmness（r＝0.95，P＜0.01）. The ratio of PPT/PPD in P. ginseng was
negatively associated with the number of stem scars and the rhizome length（r＜0，P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS：The number of
stem scars，the rhizome length and texture porosity of P. ginseng are positively associated with the contents of medicinal material
ginsenoside；the increase of PPD content in P. ginseng was higher than that of PPT with the increase of growth years. The
traditional“evaluating quality from morphological characteristics”for P. ginseng has a certain scientific connotation，which is more
stem scars，longer rhizome and loose texture.
KEYWORDS Panax ginseng； Appearance； Characteristics； Ginsenoside； Starch； Evaluating quality from morphological
characteristics；Correlation

人参为五加科植物人参（Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.） 具有重要意义 [11-13] 。
的根及根茎，是一味名贵的补益中药，具大补元气、补脾 不同种类人参中皂苷类成分和淀粉含量等存在一
[1]
益肺、生津安神等功效 。人参的活性成分包括人参皂 定差异，且与其生长发育、加工工艺和外观形态等密切
[14]
苷、人参多糖等，现代研究表明其具有改善免疫力、抗疲 相关 。目前关于人参外观性状与内在成分的相关性
[2]
劳、抗衰老、抗心律失常等多种活性 。市场上流通的人 研究较少，研究发现，在生长年限相同的情况下，主根越
参按照生长环境主要可分为3类：园参，是指在搭棚池床 细、芦头越长、支根越多的人参中皂苷含量越高 。芦
[15]
里生长的栽培人参 ；移山参，是指将人参苗移栽到山林 碗个数、芦头长度和质地是鉴别人参品质优劣的3项重
[1]
中生长，具有部分野山参特征的人参 ；野山参，目前包 要性状指标，这3项性状指标与人参内在化学成分之间
[3]
括野生人参和播种后自然生长于深山密林 15 年以上的 是否存在相关性尚有待研究。基于此，本研究测定了园
人参 ，后者在2015版《中国药典》（一部）中被称为林下 参、移山参和野山参等3类人参共计30个样品中11种单
[4]
山参 。对于人参的优劣鉴别，尤其是野山参的品质鉴 体皂苷和淀粉的含量，并对上述成分含量与主要性状指
[1]
别，近年来已有学者开展了一些研究 [5-6] 。但在市场流通 标进行相关性分析，为探究人参“辨状论质”鉴别的科学
中，因野山参价格较昂贵，不适合破坏性鉴别，目前仍以 内涵提供依据。
“辨状论质”的经验鉴别为主，即通过性状特征鉴别质量 1 材料
优劣 [7-9] 。“辨状论质”论是中药传统经验鉴别之精髓 ， 1.1 仪器
[10]
开展中药的性状特征与化学成分的相关性研究，可为 LC-30AD 型超高效液相色谱（UPLC）仪（日本 Shi-
“辨状论质”鉴别提供科学依据，对中医药的传承与创新 madzu公司）；UV-3600 plus型紫外-可见分光光度计（岛

中国药房 2020年第31卷第6期 China Pharmacy 2020 Vol. 31 No. 6 ·651 ·