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美国Medicare支付方式改革历程和驱动因素及对我国的启示 Δ
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朱梓荣 ,张伶俐,颜建周,邵 蓉(中国药科大学国家药物政策与医药产业经济研究中心,南京 211198)
中图分类号 R951 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1001-0408(2020)05-0545-05
DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2020.05.08
摘 要 目的:为深化我国医保支付方式改革提供参考。方法:通过分析美国老人保险(Medicare)支付方式的具体改革历程及改
革的驱动因素,结合我国目前支付方式改革的背景,提出推进我国医保支付方式改革的建议。结果与结论:美国Medicare支付方
式历经后付制、预付制、按价值支付3个阶段,分别采用按服务项目付费、按疾病诊断相关分组付费(DRGs)、按服务价值付费的支
付方式。其变革是美国技术、政治、社会文化3个系统综合作用的结果,合理诊疗与控费的需求推动后付制向预付制转变,而服务
质量危机、服务成本上升及医患矛盾驱使着支付方式向按价值支付转变。支付方式改革对美国Medicare产生了一定积极影响,降
低了医疗费用支出,提升了服务质量。建议我国可借鉴美国Medicare支付方式改革经验,在目前DRGs试点的基础上,推进全国
范围内预付制改革,同时为避免美国后期出现的服务质量危机,需引入按价值支付理念,建立激励约束机制并加强全流程的监管
配套制度建设,以保障医保支付方式改革的顺利进行。
关键词 美国老人保险;医保支付方式改革;按疾病诊断相关分组;驱动因素
Reform Course and Driving Factors of American Medicare Payment Mode and Implication for China
ZHU Zirong,ZHANG Lingli,YAN Jianzhou,SHAO Rong(National Drug Policy and Medical Industry Economy
Research Center,China Pharmaceutical University,Nanjing 211198,China)
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for deepening the reform of medical insurance payment mode in China.
METHODS:By analyzing the specific reform process and driving factors of American Medicare,and considering the background
of current payment reform in China,then some suggestions were put forward to promote the reform of medical insurance payment
mode in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The payment mode of Medicare in the United States had undergone three stages,
which were post-payment system,pre-payment system and value-based payment system. The payment modes included payment by
service items,payment by disease diagnosis related groups(DRGs)and payment by service value. The change was the result of the
comprehensive effect of the three systems of technology,politics and social culture in the United States. The demand for reasonable
treatment and control fees drove the change from post-payment system to pre-payment system,while the crisis of service quality,
the rise of service cost and the contradiction between doctors and patients drove the change to value-based payment. Payment mode
reform had a positive impact on Medicare in the United States,reducing medical expenditure and improving the quality of service.
It is suggested that China should draw lessons from the experience of the United States in reforming the prepayment system
nationwide on the basis of the current DRGs pilot projects. Meanwhile,in order to avoid the medical quality crisis in the later
period of the United States,it is necessary to introduce the concept of value-based payment,establish incentive and restraint
mechanisms and strengthen the construction of the regulatory supporting system for the whole process.
KEYWORDS American Medicare;Medicare payment mode reform;Payment by disease diagnosis related groups;Driving factors
2019 年 5 月 20 日,国家医疗保障局公布了 30 个按 家采用,通过DRGs,以科学测算确定每个组别的付费标
[2]
疾病诊断相关分组(Diagnosis related groups,DRGs)的 准,给予定额预付 。DRGs是现阶段医保付费机制改革
试点城市,探讨多年的 DRGs 正式落地 。推进医保支 的重要方向。
[1]
付方式改革是完善我国特色医保制度的重要内容,是深 美国老人保险(Medicare)是美国政府为老年人设立
化卫生体制改革的必经之路。DRGs付费方式被多个国 的医疗保险。作为美国最大的医疗服务购买者,Medi-
care支付模式对于医疗行为及美国的整个医疗服务市场
Δ 基金项目:国家社会科学基金重大项目(No.15ZDB167);中国
的运作举足轻重。Medicare 支付模式近 60 年内发生较
药科大学“双一流”学科创新团队建设项目(No.CPU2018GY39)
大转变,从设立之初的后付制到以 DRGs 为基础的预付
*硕士研究生。研究方向:医药政策与法规。E-mail:19850850622
制,如今Medicare已开启按价值支付的新模式。1983年
@163.com
# 通信作者:教授,博士生导师。研究方向:医药政策与法规。 DRGs 付费方式的引入,是美国支付方式改革历史上的
E-mail:shaorong118@163.com 里程碑式事件,并对全球卫生服务体系改革产生了巨大
中国药房 2020年第31卷第5期 China Pharmacy 2020 Vol. 31 No. 5 ·545 ·