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the  discrepancy  in  accuracy  between  the  predicted  and  actual  measured  blood  drug  concentrations  as  an  indicator,  the  clinical
          applicability  was  assessed  for  patients  in  different  renal  function  subgroups (hyperfunction,  normal,  mild  impairment,  moderate
          impairment, and severe impairment). RESULTS In terms of accuracy, SmartDose demonstrated the best overall performance with
          an MAPE of 46.40% and a proportion of APE <30% (46.56%). Bland-Altman analysis indicated that SmartDose had the smallest
          overall  relative  percentage  difference (-7.25%),  although  the  95%  limits  of  agreement  were  broad  for  all  tools,  with  differences
          between  the  upper  and  lower  limits  exceeding  200%.  In  terms  of  applicability,  all  four  dosing  tools  were  freely  accessible  and
          demonstrated  good  availability;  SmartDose  and  Pharmado  provided  the  most  comprehensive  solutions,  offering  features  such  as
          patient  management,  multiple  regimen  recommendations,  and  drug  concentration-time  curve  plotting.  Stratified  analysis  based  on
          renal  function  revealed  that  Pharmado  showed  optimal  prediction  for  hyperfiltration  patients (mean  difference:  0.11  mg/L).
          SmartDose  and  ClinCalc  showed  relatively  better  performance  in  normal  and  mild  renal  impaiment (mean  difference:  0.37,  0.51
          mg/L  and  -1.13,  -1.33  mg/L,respectively).  SmartDose  performed  best  in  moderate  renal  impairment (mean  difference:  -2.60
          mg/L). Pharmado and Gulou had smaller prediction biases in severe renal impairment (mean differences: 1.52 mg/L and -0.23 mg/L,
          respectively).  CONCLUSIONS  The  four  individualized  dosing  tools  demonstrated  limited  accuracy  in  the  initial  prediction  of
          vancomycin  concentrations.  Among  them,  SmartDose  demonstrates  the  highest  overall  prediction  accuracy  and  possesses
          comprehensive  clinical  management  features.  It  is  recommended  that  Pharmado  be  preferred  for  patients  with  renal  hyperfiltration;
          SmartDose  or  ClinCalc  can  be  used  for  patients  with  normal  or  mildly  impaired  renal  function;  SmartDose  is  recommended  for
          patients  with  moderately  impaired  renal  function;  Pharmado  or  Gulou  may  be  considered  for  patients  with  severely  impaired  renal
          function.
          KEYWORDS    vancomycin;  individualized  dosing  tools;  therapeutic  drug  monitoring;  plasma concentration;  renal function;  plan
          prediction


              万古霉素是治疗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染                          究中具有较高的可及性与使用频率,均为免费使用;其
          的重要药物,因其治疗窗窄且药代动力学复杂,需个体                           中,SmartDose 和 Pharmado 作为国内经典工具,已有较
                [1]
          化用药 。治疗药物监测(therapeutic drug monitoring,           多研究支持其应用         [4,11] ;ClinCalc 作为国外软件,目前有
          TDM)以药代动力学为基础,是个体化给药的关键手                           关其国内系统性对比研究尚不充分;而 Gulou 作为新近
            [2]
          段 。通过监测药物的血药浓度来调整给药方案,可以                           推出的微信应用小程序,其模型引入了白蛋白作为协变
          提高疗效,减少毒性 。目前,国内外的万古霉素治疗指                          量。基于此,本研究比较了上述4种个体化给药工具对
                           [3]
          南均建议监测万古霉素的谷浓度,以优化万古霉素                             万古霉素血药浓度的预测准确性及临床适用性,旨在为
          治疗  [2,4] 。                                        临床合理用药提供依据。
              个体化给药工具(如 ClinCalc、SmartDose 和 Phar‐           1 资料与方法
          mado 等)可通过群体药动学(population pharmacokine-           1.1 研究对象
          tics,PPK)模型和贝叶斯算法对患者的血药浓度进行预                           本研究为单中心、回顾性队列研究。回顾性收集
          测,从而优化给药方案 。这些工具能够根据患者的具                           2022 年 1 月 1 日至 2024 年 6 月 30 日于复旦大学附属中
                             [5]
          体情况(如体重、肾功能状态等)调整初始剂量,并通过                          山医院厦门医院住院接受静脉注射万古霉素治疗且进
          TDM结果不断优化后续剂量。通过个体化给药工具对                           行了符合标准的稳态谷浓度监测的成年患者资料纳入
          万古霉素进行个性化给药可显著提高目标谷浓度的实                            分析研究。本研究方案经该院医学伦理委员会审核批
                                 [6]
          现率,降低肾毒性的发生率 。有研究在评估个体化给                           准(批准号为B2025-051)。
          药工具的预测准确性时发现,这些工具在预测万古霉素                           1.2 纳入与排除标准
          血药浓度时存在一定偏差,但总体仍具有良好的预测能                               本研究的纳入标准为:住院期间接受静脉注射万古
          力 [7―8] 。有研究认为,不同个体化给药工具所用的 PPK                    霉素治疗的成年患者,要求至少完成1次符合标准的稳
          模型及贝叶斯算法不同,因此其预测能力与适用性也有                           态谷浓度监测。
          所差异   [7,9] 。此外,影响血药浓度预测准确性的因素还包                       本研究的排除标准为:(1)关键临床数据如身高、体
          括采血时间和用药时间记录的准确性,以及患者肾功能                           重、血清肌酐、白蛋白缺失或记录不完整者;(2)治疗期
                [10]
          变化等 。这些差异与不确定性若未被充分识别和评                            间接受肾脏替代治疗(包括血液透析、连续性肾脏替代
          估,可能导致临床用药方案偏离理想目标,进而影响疗                           治疗等)者;(3)血药浓度未达稳态或采血时机不符合规
          效或增加毒性发生风险。SmartDose、ClinCalc、Gulou及               范者;(4)妊娠期妇女;(5)大面积烧伤或多器官衰竭者;
          Pharmado 这 4 种个体化给药工具在临床实践与相关研                    (6)治疗过程中原研药与仿制药交替使用者。


          中国药房  2025年第36卷第22期                                              China Pharmacy  2025 Vol. 36  No. 22    · 2823 ·
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