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实验表明,一方面血红素以 TLR4 依赖性方式激活小胶 TLR4-dependent inflammation in post-hemorrhagic brain
质细胞和巨噬细胞,小胶质细胞激活后其特异性的标记 injury[J]. Expert Opin Ther Targets,2020,24(6):
蛋白Iba1表达显著升高 ;另一方面血红素也可显著上 525-533.
[13]
调小胶质细胞中TLR4和TNF-α等促炎因子的表达。小 [ 7 ] GONG G W,ZHENG Y Z,YANG Y,et al. Pharmaceuti‐
cal values of calycosin:one type of flavonoid isolated
胶质细胞是大脑中的主要免疫效应细胞,被激活后可分
泌大量促炎因子(TLR4、TNF-α、IL-1β 等),从而加重炎 from Astragalus[J]. Evid Based Complement Alternat
症损伤,可见激活的小胶质细胞是脑出血后促炎因子的 [ 8 ] Med,2021,2021:9952578.
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主要来源 [14―15] ,也是导致神经元凋亡的重要原因 [11,16] 。
review of its pharmacological effects and application
敲除 TLR4 基因或应用 TLR4 抗体可抑制血红素诱导的 prospects[J]. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther,2021,19(7):
小胶质细胞活化,可显著改善小鼠的神经功能缺损和脑 911-925.
水肿情况 [17―18] 。因此,TLR4 是诱导脑出血后急性炎症 [ 9 ] KRAFFT P R,ROLLAND W B,DURIS K,et al. Mode-
反应的主要信号分子,抑制 TLR4 介导的炎症反应可能 ling intracerebral hemorrhage in mice:injection of auto-
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是治疗脑出血的重要有效途径 。本研究发现,CA 能 logous blood or bacterial collagenase[J]. J Vis Exp,2012
在体内下调脑出血病变及周边组织中TLR4及其下游促 (67):e4289.
炎因子的表达,抑制小鼠脑出血病变及周边组织中小胶 [10] GAO Y G,CHEN T,LEI X H,et al. Neuroprotective
质细胞的激活;在体外下调RBC裂解液激活的小胶质细 effects of polydatin against mitochondrial-dependent apop-
胞中 TLR4 及其下游促炎因子的表达,减少了原代神经 tosis in the rat cerebral cortex following ischemia/reperfu‐
元与原代小胶质细胞共培养体系中神经元的凋亡,这些 sion injury[J]. Mol Med Rep,2016,14(6):5481-5488.
可能是脑出血后CA发挥脑保护作用的机制。 [11] GUO Y T,DAI W B,ZHENG Y,et al. Mechanism and
regulation of microglia polarization in intracerebral he-
目前,脑出血仍缺乏有效的治疗药物,寻找有效、低
morrhage[J]. Molecules,2022,27(20):7080.
毒的治疗药物是临床亟待解决的问题。本研究发现,在 [12] ZHU H M,WANG Z Q,YU J X,et al. Role and mecha‐
脑出血模型小鼠的体内实验中,CA 能够减少其脑出血 nisms of cytokines in the secondary brain injury after intrace‐
体积、脑含水量、脑出血后的神经功能缺损;同时,在模 rebral hemorrhage[J]. Prog Neurobiol,2019,178:101610.
拟脑出血的原代神经元与原代小胶质细胞共培养体外 [13] ITO D,IMAI Y,OHSAWA K,et al. Microglia-specific
实验中,CA能够减少神经元的凋亡。 localisation of a novel calcium binding protein,Iba1[J].
上述结果都证实了CA在脑出血中可发挥脑保护作 Brain Res Mol Brain Res,1998,57(1):1-9.
用,且这种作用与其抑制TLR4介导的炎症反应有关,可 [14] CHAUHAN P,SHENG W S,HU S X,et al. Differential
见CA具有治疗脑出血的潜力。本研究存在一定的局限 cytokine-induced responses of polarized microglia[J].
性:TLR4 介导的炎症反应信号通路的激活和调节是复 Brain Sci,2021,11(11):1482.
杂的,本研究未深入研究 CA 调控 TLR4 的具体机制,也 [15] DUAN S R,WANG F,CAO J W,et al. Exosomes derived
未使用TLR4基因敲除动物进行验证。总之,CA可以通 from microRNA-146a-5p-enriched bone marrow mesen‐
chymal stem cells alleviate intracerebral hemorrhage by
过抑制 TLR4 减少脑出血后继发的急性炎症损伤,但更
inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and microglial M1 polariza‐
为详细的机制仍需进一步研究。 tion[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther,2020,14:3143-3158.
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