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实验表明,一方面血红素以 TLR4 依赖性方式激活小胶                              TLR4-dependent inflammation in post-hemorrhagic brain
          质细胞和巨噬细胞,小胶质细胞激活后其特异性的标记                                 injury[J].  Expert  Opin  Ther  Targets,2020,24(6):
          蛋白Iba1表达显著升高 ;另一方面血红素也可显著上                               525-533.
                              [13]
          调小胶质细胞中TLR4和TNF-α等促炎因子的表达。小                         [ 7 ]  GONG G W,ZHENG Y Z,YANG Y,et al. Pharmaceuti‐
                                                                   cal  values  of  calycosin:one  type  of  flavonoid  isolated
          胶质细胞是大脑中的主要免疫效应细胞,被激活后可分
          泌大量促炎因子(TLR4、TNF-α、IL-1β 等),从而加重炎                        from  Astragalus[J].  Evid  Based  Complement  Alternat
          症损伤,可见激活的小胶质细胞是脑出血后促炎因子的                            [ 8 ]  Med,2021,2021:9952578.
                                                                   DENG  M,CHEN  H  J,LONG  J  Y,et  al.  Calycosin:a
          主要来源     [14―15] ,也是导致神经元凋亡的重要原因            [11,16] 。
                                                                   review  of  its  pharmacological  effects  and  application
          敲除 TLR4 基因或应用 TLR4 抗体可抑制血红素诱导的                           prospects[J].  Expert  Rev Anti  Infect  Ther,2021,19(7):
          小胶质细胞活化,可显著改善小鼠的神经功能缺损和脑                                 911-925.
          水肿情况    [17―18] 。因此,TLR4 是诱导脑出血后急性炎症                [ 9 ]  KRAFFT P R,ROLLAND W B,DURIS K,et al. Mode-
          反应的主要信号分子,抑制 TLR4 介导的炎症反应可能                              ling  intracerebral  hemorrhage  in  mice:injection  of  auto-
                                     [19]
          是治疗脑出血的重要有效途径 。本研究发现,CA 能                                logous blood or bacterial collagenase[J]. J Vis Exp,2012
          在体内下调脑出血病变及周边组织中TLR4及其下游促                               (67):e4289.
          炎因子的表达,抑制小鼠脑出血病变及周边组织中小胶                            [10]  GAO  Y  G,CHEN  T,LEI  X  H,et  al.  Neuroprotective
          质细胞的激活;在体外下调RBC裂解液激活的小胶质细                                effects of polydatin against mitochondrial-dependent apop-
          胞中 TLR4 及其下游促炎因子的表达,减少了原代神经                              tosis  in  the  rat  cerebral  cortex  following  ischemia/reperfu‐
          元与原代小胶质细胞共培养体系中神经元的凋亡,这些                                 sion injury[J]. Mol Med Rep,2016,14(6):5481-5488.
          可能是脑出血后CA发挥脑保护作用的机制。                                [11]  GUO Y T,DAI W B,ZHENG Y,et al. Mechanism and
                                                                   regulation  of  microglia  polarization  in  intracerebral  he-
              目前,脑出血仍缺乏有效的治疗药物,寻找有效、低
                                                                   morrhage[J]. Molecules,2022,27(20):7080.
          毒的治疗药物是临床亟待解决的问题。本研究发现,在                            [12]  ZHU H M,WANG Z Q,YU J X,et al. Role and mecha‐
          脑出血模型小鼠的体内实验中,CA 能够减少其脑出血                                nisms of cytokines in the secondary brain injury after intrace‐
          体积、脑含水量、脑出血后的神经功能缺损;同时,在模                                rebral hemorrhage[J]. Prog Neurobiol,2019,178:101610.
          拟脑出血的原代神经元与原代小胶质细胞共培养体外                             [13]  ITO  D,IMAI  Y,OHSAWA  K,et  al.  Microglia-specific
          实验中,CA能够减少神经元的凋亡。                                        localisation  of  a  novel  calcium  binding  protein,Iba1[J].
              上述结果都证实了CA在脑出血中可发挥脑保护作                               Brain Res Mol Brain Res,1998,57(1):1-9.
          用,且这种作用与其抑制TLR4介导的炎症反应有关,可                          [14]  CHAUHAN P,SHENG W S,HU S X,et al. Differential
          见CA具有治疗脑出血的潜力。本研究存在一定的局限                                 cytokine-induced  responses  of  polarized  microglia[J].
          性:TLR4 介导的炎症反应信号通路的激活和调节是复                               Brain Sci,2021,11(11):1482.
          杂的,本研究未深入研究 CA 调控 TLR4 的具体机制,也                      [15]  DUAN S R,WANG F,CAO J W,et al. Exosomes derived
          未使用TLR4基因敲除动物进行验证。总之,CA可以通                               from  microRNA-146a-5p-enriched  bone  marrow  mesen‐
                                                                   chymal  stem  cells  alleviate  intracerebral  hemorrhage  by
          过抑制 TLR4 减少脑出血后继发的急性炎症损伤,但更
                                                                   inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and microglial M1 polariza‐
          为详细的机制仍需进一步研究。                                           tion[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther,2020,14:3143-3158.
          参考文献                                                [16]  武翠梅,王改青,要振佳,等. 小胶质细胞活化对脑出血
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               JAMA,2019,321(13):1295-1303.                   [17]  HEI B,OUYANG J,ZHOU J R,et al. Raddeanin A(RA)
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          [ 4 ]  TSCHOE  C,BUSHNELL  C  D,DUNCAN  P  W,et  al.     hibiting the TLR-4 pathway[J]. Folia Neuropathol,2020,
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              (3):761-769.                                                  (收稿日期:2023-02-06  修回日期:2023-07-16)
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          · 1942 ·    China Pharmacy  2023 Vol. 34  No. 16                            中国药房  2023年第34卷第16期
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