Page 24 - 《中国药房》2020年第24期
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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for drug administration supervision of biosimilars in China. METHODS:
Referring to the authoritative documents of the official websites of National Medical Products Administration of China,FDA of the
United States,European Drug Administration and Japan’s Drug and Medical Devices Agency,and comparing their regulatory
measures on the definition,effectiveness,safety and clinical application of biosimilars,the suggestions were put forward for the
improvement of regulatory measures of biosimilars in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Although the definitions biosimilars in
different countries/regions were different,they all required that biosimilars should have the same drug quality,safety and
effectiveness as their corresponding reference drugs. The United States,the European Union and Japan required enterprises to
provide studies on the similarity of early pharmacy,non-clinical studies such as pharmacology and toxicology,and clinical studies
on immunogenicity,pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of biosimilars and reference drugs. However,the similarity between
biosimilars and reference drugs had not been required in China. All countries/regions supported the extrapolation of indications of
biosimilars. Among which the United States and the European Union required manufacturers to provide detailed data;Japan only
mentioned the relevant concepts of indications extrapolation of biosimilars,but did not mention the specific data requirements. The
relevant description of the conditions for the extrapolation of biosimilars in China was not clear enough,and its application in
China was still facing great challenges. In terms of drug interchangeability,although the United States allowed the use of
interchangeable biosimilars to replace reference drugs under the conditions permitted by state laws,no relevant biosimilars had been
approved;European countries had different regulations on the interchangeability of biosimilars;but there was no document
explicitly mentioned in China and Japan on the interchangeability of biosimilars. It is suggested that the principle of comparison
should be further improved and strict requirements should be appropriately enforced in ensuring the effectiveness and safety of
biosimilars;in the field of indication extrapolation,more detailed data requirements should be put forward,and the possible risks
after extrapolation should be evaluated scientifically;in terms of the interchangeability of biosimilars,it is suggested to try to
implement the principle of conversion of biosimilars,but it should be used after consultation among doctors,pharmacists and
patients,and drug use safety should be monitored timely. Meanwhile,a sound traceability system should be established to ensure
drug safety of patients.
KEYWORDS Biosimilars;Effectiveness;Safety;Indication extrapolation;Interchangeability;The United States;Japan;Europe
自 1986 年世界上第一个生物治疗性单细胞克隆抗 主研发的第一个生物类似药——上海复宏汉霖生物制
[1]
体药物上市以来,生物制剂发展势头迅猛 。与小分子 药有限公司研制的利妥昔单抗注射液(商品名:汉利康)
化学药品不同,生物制剂在本质上是由活的有机体所产 的上市注册申请 。2020 年 7 月 29 日,上海复宏汉霖生
[7]
生的一种复杂大分子产品。随着现代医学科技的发展 物制药有限公司联合英国 Accord Healthcare 公司宣布,
和临床疾病谱的不断改变,生物制剂已在自身免疫功能 欧洲联盟委员会(EC)已批准上述 2 家生产的曲妥珠单
性疾病、生长功能障碍、癌症、心血管系统疾病以及遗传 抗在欧盟上市,成为首个登陆欧洲市场的“中国籍”单抗
[8]
疾病等多个领域发挥了重要的治疗作用。但目前大部 生物类似药 ,标志着我国生物类似药正式迈向国际
分生物制剂价格较高,导致相关疾病的医疗成本居高不 化。为应对我国生物类似药强劲的发展势头,进一步规
下,已影响到各国医疗保险的费用控制及卫生财政支出 范管理生物类似药的生产和应用,国家药品监督管理局
的可持续性 。因此,生物类似药(Biosimilars)便应运而 药品审评中心在 2020 年先后发布了公开征求利妥昔单
[2]
生。生物类似药是生物制剂的类似品,其开发目的主要 抗、阿达木单抗、曲妥珠单抗、贝伐珠单抗、地舒单抗等
[9]
在于以较低的价格为患者提供与原研生物药或其他参 临床试验指导原则的意见通知 。可见,如何有效保障
[3]
考生物制品无差异性的治疗效果 。随着原研生物药发 生物类似药的临床应用、监管和发展已成我国国家监管
明专利和知识产权到期,越来越多的企业开始致力于价 机构密切关注的一个热点。基于此,本研究通过查阅我
格相对低廉的生物类似药的研发,以期使得医疗费用支 国国家药品监督管理局、美国 FDA、欧洲药品管理局
付者及患者等能够从更多的治疗选择中获益。2006年, (European Medicines Agency,EMA)以及日本药品医疗
欧盟批准了第一个生物类似药,标志着生物类似药正式 器械管理局(Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agen-
[4]
进入市场发展阶段 。2009年,美国国会根据《生物制品 cy,PMDA)等药政相关监管部门官方网站公布的权威文
价格竞争和创新法案》(The Biologics Price Competition 件,比较其关于生物类似药的定义、有效性、安全性和临床
and Innovation Act)为生物制品创建了一个简化的审批 应用等药政监管措施,并对我国生物类似药监管措施的
许可途径,以节省审批成本,方便生物类似药的快速上 完善提出建议,为我国该类药品的药政监管提供参考。
市,为患者提供更多的治疗选择 。我国国家食品药品 1 不同国家和地区对生物类似药的相关定义比较
[5]
监督管理总局在2015年发布了《生物类似药研发与评价 根据我国《生物类似药研发与评价技术指导原则
[6]
[6]
技术指导原则(试行)》 ,并于2019年2月批准了我国自 (试行)》 的相关规定,“生物类似药是指在质量、安全性
·2962 · China Pharmacy 2020 Vol. 31 No. 24 中国药房 2020年第31卷第24期