Page 21 - 2020年2月第31卷第3期

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE：To investigate rationality of existing retail pharmacy layout in Liaoning province，and to discuss the
rationalization of retail pharmacy layout from the perspective of the government. METHODS：By introducing the concept of
coverage radius，comprehensive use of population，area，number of retail pharmacies，average number of people covered by each
retail pharmacy，the difference between the number of pharmacies（calculated according to the coverage radius and area）and the
number of existing pharmacies，the shortest distance between two retail pharmacies as indicators，the overall retail pharmacies
layout in 14 cities of Liaoning province and the specific layout of retail pharmacies in Shenyang were analyzed to put forward the
idea of optimizing the retail pharmacies layout. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：The correlation of the number of existing retail
pharmacies in Liaoning province with the population and land area to a certain extent showed no obvious law，with some degree
randomness. The average number of people covered by each pharmacy is 1 917-4 157 in each city；the average number of people
covered by retail pharmacies in the remaining 10 cities like Yingkou is lower than the provincial average. The average number of
people covered in Chaoyang and other 3 cities is higher，with great development space. The number of existing retail pharmacies in
8 districts and counties such as Tiexi district do not meet the actual needs of consumers（the number of existing pharmacies is 2-
3 921 less than the number of due pharmacies），while the number of existing retail pharmacies in 3 districts such as Shenhe district
far exceeds the required number（the number of existing pharmacies is 142-248 more than the number of due pharmacies）. There is
a problem of too small spacing between adjacent retail pharmacies（the minimum distance is less than 500 m）. The distribution of
retail pharmacies in Liaoning province is unbalanced，and there is insufficient demand in some areas. When optimizing of retail
pharmacies layout，the government should establish a double objective evaluation system，which is fair（measured by the maximum
distance between the uncovered demand area and the nearest retail pharmacies）and efficient（measured by the sum of the number
of retail drugstores needed for the existing layout and the number of new retail drugstores）. It is also necessary to analyze and
construct a retail pharmacies location model which is suitable for China’s national conditions，and consider the actual conditions of
the parameters of the actual constraints and objective constraints，so as to realize the overall optimization of retail drugstores.
KEYWORDS Liaoning province；Retail pharmacy；Layout；Optimization；Government perspective

随着生活水平的提高，人们对自身健康管理也越来 医院终端，未来医院市场药品品种将逐步减少，零售药
越重视，与此同时，“看病难、看病贵”等问题逐步凸显， 店将崛起 [5-7] 。由此可见，零售药店正在发挥着越来越重
如何才能在优质资源有限的情况下充分满足公众的卫 要的作用。近年来的调查分析显示，我国实体零售药店
[1]
生服务需求是政府管理部门亟待解决的重要问题 。药 市场销售额在 2011－2018 年呈逐步增长趋势，截至
品保障作为医疗服务中的关键环节之一，如何在政府有 2018年，实体零售药店销售额达到3 820亿元，同比增速
限的预算内最大化地满足公众用药需求也成了重中之 约6.8％。2011－2018年中国实体药店市场销售额及增
[2]
重 。零售药店作为消费者获取药品的直接渠道，其布 速见图 1（数据来源于米内网，网址为 www.menet.com.
局的合理性对确保药品保障具有重要意义 。国内目前 cn）。
[3]
关于零售药店整体布局的研究仅涉及增设的具体数量， 4 500 销售额 16
而针对零售药店的选址研究均从零售药店自身利益出 4 000 同比增长率 14
发进行考虑，如罗臻 就从地理环境、消费需求、竞争对 3 500 12 ％
[4]
3 000
手调查研究和经营策略几方面综合考虑，探讨零售药店 亿元 2 500 10
的最佳选址方法，但尚未有基于政府角度的零售药店整 销售额， 2 000 8 6 同比增长率，
体布局及具体选址的相关研究。本研究以辽宁省为例， 1 500 4
1 000
对零售药店现有布局进行分析评价，并从整体角度探索 500 2
基于公平和效率的零售药店布局优化思路，为政府作出 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 0
最优决策提供理论支撑和决策参考。 年份
1 研究背景 图1 2011－2018 年我国实体药店市场销售额及增速
我国公立医疗机构长期以来存在“以药养医”的局 Fig 1 Physical pharmacy market sales and growth
面，患者面临“用药贵”的问题，为了切断医师与药品之 rate in 2011-2018 in China
间的利益链条，公立医院改革采取了一系列措施实现 随着相关政策持续推进，零售药店需求将有望持续
“医药分开”，各地综合配套措施也逐步落实。在此一系 增长 。然而，从平均单店覆盖人数来看，2016年我国零
[8]
列改革作用下，公立医院的处方外流成了必然结果，在 售药店单店平均覆盖人数为 3 607 人，与日本的平均单
此背景下，零售药店面临重大机遇。与此同时，随着药 店覆盖人数 1 665 人对比相差较多，虽然这与两国的人
品带量采购模式改革逐步深入，大批企业产品无法进入 口密度也有一定关系，但相对而言，我国药店仍有发展

中国药房 2020年第31卷第3期 China Pharmacy 2020 Vol. 31 No. 3 ·271 ·