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in ICU from January 2015 to June 2018 were recruited in the control group. The difference in trough concentration distribution and
          the  incidence  of  acute  kidney  injury (AKI)  after  medication  were  compared  between  the  two  groups,  the  change  of  serum
          creatinine  before  and  after  medication  in  the  trial  group  was  analyzed.  RESULTS  Totally  197  patients  were  included  in  the  trial
          group  and  144  patients  were  in  the  control  group.  There  was  no  significant  difference  between  the  two  groups  in  the  clinical
          information (gender,  age,  body  weight,  acute  physiology  and  chronic  health  evaluation  Ⅱ  score,  the  proportion  of  patients  with
          renal  insufficiency,  etc.) (P>0.05).  The  proportions  of  major  infection  sites (including  lung,  urinary,  abdominal,  blood  and
          central nervous system) and treatment type (target or empirical treatment) also had no significant difference between the two groups
         (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the attainment rate of ideal trough concentration (15-20 μg/mL) and the proportion
          of  patients  with  trough  concentration >20  μg/mL  between  the  two  groups (P>0.05),  while  the  attainment  rate  of  target  trough
          concentration (10-20  μg/mL)  and  the  proportion  of  patients  with  trough  concentration  <10  μg/mL  were  significantly  different
          between the two groups (P<0.05). The attainment rate of target trough concentration in patients with chronic renal insufficiency in
          trial  group  was  significantly  higher  than  that  in  control  group (P<0.05).  There  was  no  significant  difference  in  the  incidence  of
          AKI and vancomycin-associated AKI between the two groups (P>0.05). In the trial group with medication duration ≥7 days , the
          level  of  serum  creatinine  on  the  7th  day  of  treatment  was  increased  significantly,  compared  with  that  on  the  3rd  day  of  treatment
         (P<0.05).  CONCLUSIONS  This  individualized  dosing  regimen  can  improve  the  attainment  rate  of  target  trough  concentration  of
          vancomycin in critically ill patients, especially those with chronic renal insufficiency, during the first standardized monitoring, and
          not increase the risk of renal injury compared with previous empirical medication.
          KEYWORDS     vancomycin;  critically  ill  patients;  individualized  dosing  regimen;  therapeutic  drug  monitoring;  blood  trough
          concentration; renal function



                                                                    [12]
              严重的革兰氏阳性球菌感染,尤其是耐甲氧西林金                          谷浓度 ,因而如何提高谷浓度的达标率是万古霉素临
          黄 色 葡 萄 球 菌(methicillin-resistant  Staphylococcus  au‐  床 应 用 研 究 的 难 点 和 热 点 。 Vancomycin  Calculator
          reus,MRSA)感染在重症监护治疗病房(intensive care               (https://clincalc.com/Vancomycin/)是可开放获取的经典
          unit,ICU)中的发生率和病死率均较高             [1―2] 。目前,万古      药动学软件,在该软件中设定目标谷浓度范围、是否给
          霉素仍是多个指南推荐的用于治疗 MRSA 感染的一线                          予负荷剂量和表观分布容积参数,并输入患者的基本信
          药物  [3―5] 。万古霉素是一种具有较长抗生素后效应的时                      息(包括体质量、性别、身高、年龄、血肌酐水平等)后,可
          间依赖性杀菌剂,其临床疗效和肾毒性与其血药谷浓度                            计算出该软件推荐的万古霉素初始剂量、维持剂量、给
         (以下简称“谷浓度”)密切相关。尽管2020年美国卫生                          药频次和输注时间等数据。广州医科大学附属第二医
          系统药师协会、美国感染病学会、儿童感染性疾病学会                            院(以下简称“我院”)临床药师根据万古霉素的药动学/
          和感染性疾病药师学会联合发表的《万古霉素治疗严重                            药效学特点,参考相关指南推荐和 Vancomycin Calcula‐
                                                                            [13]
          MRSA感染的治疗药物监测指南》中不再单纯推荐以稳                           tor软件计算结果 ,制定出重症患者万古霉素个体化给
          态谷浓度(10~20 μg/mL)为药效学目标,而推荐监测血                      药方案,并以谷浓度分布和肾功能变化来探讨该方案用
          药浓度-时间曲线下面积(area under the concentration-           于重症患者的效果和安全性,旨在为重症患者的万古霉
          time curve,AUC),并以 AUC 与最低抑菌浓度(mini‐                素个体化给药提供参考。
          mum inhibitory concentration,MIC)的比值为 400~600       1 资料与方法
          作为个体化给药的目标靶值 ,但是获取AUC比获取谷                           1.1 纳入与排除标准
                                  [3]
          浓度难,特别是在医疗资源不足的地区。因此,综合考                                本研究的纳入标准为:(1)性别不限;(2)年龄 18~
          虑有效性、可行性和适用性,目前谷浓度仍是万古霉素                            80岁;(3)体质量40~90 kg;(4)临床怀疑或证实存在严
                                        [6]
          疗效和不良反应较好的预测指标 。国内外多个指南                             重的革兰氏阳性球菌感染,预计使用万古霉素治疗>48
          推荐万古霉素用于严重感染时的目标谷浓度范围为                              h。本研究的排除标准为:(1)非首次使用万古霉素,且
          10~20 μg/mL  [6―9] ,最好控制在15~20 μg/mL(理想谷浓           上次用药距本次用药的时间<72 h;(2)用药期间行肾脏
          度范围)   [9―11] 。                                     替代治疗;(3)孕、产妇;(4)终末期疾病濒临死亡者;(5)
              由于重症患者常合并高龄、低蛋白血症、多器官功                          既往发生过万古霉素相关不良反应。
          能障碍、特殊治疗手段[如连续肾脏替代治疗(continuous                     1.2 研究方案
          renal replacement therapy,CRRT)]等因素,使得万古霉素              本研究采用回顾性研究的方法。研究方案经我院
          在重症患者体内的分布、排泄明显有别于普通患者。对                            临床研究与应用伦理委员会批准(批件号为 2021-hs-
          于重症患者,由医师经验性常规用药常常达不到理想的                            34);重症患者应用万古霉素首剂 25~30 mg/kg 的负荷


          · 1612 ·    China Pharmacy  2023 Vol. 34  No. 13                            中国药房  2023年第34卷第13期
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