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肝硬化合并门静脉血栓形成患者的抗凝治疗研究进展
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          龚 伟 ,李 芸(苏州大学附属第一医院药学部,江苏 苏州 215000)
                *
          中图分类号  R972;R973+.2      文献标志码  A      文章编号  1001-0408(2026)04-0533-07
          DOI  10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2026.04.21

          摘  要  门静脉血栓(PVT)作为肝硬化常见且严重的并发症,其抗凝治疗因患者凝血功能异常与出血风险并存而颇具挑战。本
          文综合近年来肝硬化合并PVT抗凝治疗的研究成果及国内外指南与共识,围绕肝硬化合并PVT的高发原因、临床表现与诊断、抗
          凝治疗决策(包括指征确定、时机选择、疗程选择)、药物合理使用4个方面展开综述。结果表明,肝硬化患者中PVT高发是多因素
          共同作用的结果。目前普遍认为,门静脉血流瘀滞、机体高凝状态以及血管内皮损伤是PVT形成的三大危险因素。肝硬化合并
          PVT的临床表现丰富,其诊断需结合临床背景、影像学检查以及实验室检查进行综合判断,其中影像学检查是核心诊断依据。抗
          凝治疗能够显著提高PVT的血栓再通率,降低血栓进展风险,且不会增加门静脉高压相关的出血风险。在治疗时机上,确诊后6
          个月内,尤其是2周内启动抗凝治疗可显著提高血栓再通率。对于肝硬化合并PVT的抗凝治疗,临床上常用的药物主要包括肝素类
          药物、维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)及直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)。其中,低分子肝素作为一线药物的证据十分充分;DOACs在代偿期肝
          硬化合并PVT患者中显示出良好的疗效与安全性,不过其在失代偿期肝硬化合并PVT患者中的应用仍需格外谨慎。建议疗程通常
          不少于6个月。对于存在肠系膜静脉受累、等待肝移植或遗传性血栓形成倾向的肝硬化合并PVT患者,应考虑进行长期抗凝治疗。
          关键词  肝硬化;门静脉血栓;抗凝治疗;凝血功能异常;出血风险

          Research  progress  on  anticoagulant  therapy  in  patients  with  liver  cirrhosis  complicated  with  portal  vein
          thrombosis
          GONG Wei,LI Yun(Dept.  of  Pharmacy,  First  Affiliated  Hospital  of  Soochow  University,  Jiangsu  Suzhou
          215000, China)

          ABSTRACT   Portal  vein  thrombosis (PVT)  is  a  common  and  severe  complication  of  liver  cirrhosis.  Anticoagulant  therapy  for
          PVT  in  these  patients  is  particularly  challenging  due  to  the  coexistence  of  abnormal  coagulation  function  and  bleeding  risk.  This
          article reviews recent research findings, domestic and international guidelines, and expert consensus regarding anticoagulant therapy
          for  liver  cirrhosis  complicated  by  PVT.  The  review  focuses  on  four  key  aspects:  the  underlying  causes  of  the  high  incidence  of
          PVT, its clinical manifestations and diagnosis, anticoagulant treatment decision-making (including determining indications, timing,
          and course selection), and rational drug use. The evidence indicates that the high incidence of PVT in patients with liver cirrhosis
          results  from  the  interplay  of  multiple  factors.  Currently,  portal  venous  stasis,  a  systemic  hypercoagulable  state,  and  vascular
          endothelial  damage  are  widely  recognized  as  the  three  primary  risk  factors  for  PVT  formation.  The  clinical  manifestations  of  liver
          cirrhosis  complicated  by  PVT  are  diverse,diagnosis  requires  comprehensive  evaluation  based  on  clinical  context,  imaging
          examination, and laboratory tests, with imaging examination as the cornerstone. Anticoagulant therapy can significantly improve the
          thrombus recanalization rate in PVT, reduce the risk of thrombus progression, and does not increase the risk of portal hypertension-
          related  bleeding.  Regarding  treatment  timing,  initiating  anticoagulation  within  six  months  of  diagnosis,  particularly  within  two
          weeks,  can  significantly  enhance  the  recanalization  rate.  Commonly  used  anticoagulants  in  clinical  practice  for  liver  cirrhosis  with
          PVT  include  heparins,  vitamin  K  antagonists (VKAs),  and  direct  oral  anticoagulants (DOACs).  Among  these,  substantial
          evidence  supports  low-molecular-weight  heparin  as  a  first-line  agent.  DOACs  have  demonstrated  favorable  efficacy  and  safety  in
          patients  with  compensated  liver  cirrhosis  and  PVT;  however,  their  use  in  patients  with  decompensated  liver  cirrhosis  and  PVT
          warrants  extra  caution. A  treatment  duration  of  at  least  six  months  is  generally  recommended.  Long-term  anticoagulation  should  be
          considered  for  patients  with  liver  cirrhosis  and  PVT  who  have  mesenteric  vein  involvement,  are  awaiting  liver  transplantation,  or
          have an inherited thrombophilia.
          KEYWORDS    liver cirrhosis; portal vein thrombosis; anticoagulant therapy; abnormal coagulation function; bleeding risk


              肝脏约70%的血流由门静脉供应,该血流对于维持                        肝脏正常生理功能至关重要。门静脉血栓(portal vein
                                                             thrombosis,PVT)是指门静脉主干和(或)其分支形成血
             Δ 基金项目 江苏省医学重点学科建设项目(No.ZDXK202247);
                                                             栓,且血栓可向肝内或肝外静脉系统(如肠系膜上静脉
          江苏省药学会奥赛康医院药学基金项目(No.Q202231)                      和脾静脉)蔓延 。PVT可见于多种临床情况,包括肝硬
                                                                          [1]
             * 第一作者 主 管 药 师 。 研 究 方 向 :医 院 药 学 。 E-mail:
                                                             化、恶性肿瘤以及炎性疾病。在肝硬化患者中,由于门
          gongwei@pharm-go.com
             # 通信作者 副主任药师,硕士。研究方向:临床药学。电话:                   静脉高压、肝功能减退以及凝血功能紊乱等因素,PVT
          0512-67780997。E-mail:lyxfyy@aliyun.com             的发生率显著升高。流行病学数据显示,肝硬化患者发


          中国药房  2026年第37卷第4期                                                 China Pharmacy  2026 Vol. 37  No. 4    · 533 ·
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