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·综述·
老年人跌倒的药物相关风险因素的范围综述
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覃丽宇 ,龙绪峰,曹宏雅,梁珂源,黄明媚,张宏亮(广西医科大学第一附属医院药学部,南宁 530021)
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中图分类号 R969.3 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1001-0408(2026)07-0960-05
DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2026.07.23
摘 要 目的 系统梳理老年人跌倒的药物相关风险因素,为保障老年人用药安全提供参考。方法 系统检索PubMed、Embase、
Web of Science、中国知网等数据库,检索时限为建库起至2025年11月1日,纳入国内外老年人药物相关性跌倒的相关研究,对影
响老年人跌倒的药物因素进行归纳与分析。结果 基于纳入的22篇文献,发现增加老年人跌倒风险的药物类别涉及4大类:精神
药物[12篇,比值比(OR)为1.500~5.790]、心血管系统药物(5篇,OR为1.236~4.784)、镇痛药(3篇,OR为1.500~4.490)、降糖药
(3篇,OR为2.070~2.751)。此外,抗胆碱能负荷(1篇,OR为2.610)和多重用药(7篇;用药数量≥4种时,OR为2.902~25.897)也
是导致老年人跌倒的风险因素。结论 老年人跌倒与精神药物、心血管系统药物、镇痛药、降糖药相关,且精神药物风险最高;抗胆
碱能负荷和多重用药也是重要的风险因素。临床实践中应通过药物精简与风险监测,以有效降低老年患者的跌倒风险。
关键词 老年人;跌倒;风险因素;多重用药;范围综述
Scoping review of medication-related risk factors for falls in older adults
QIN Liyu,LONG Xufeng,CAO Hongya,LIANG Keyuan,HUANG Mingmei,ZHANG Hongliang(Dept. of
Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China)
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To systematically review medication-related risk factors for falls in older adults, to provide references
for ensuring medication safety among older adults. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of
Science, and CNKI for relevant literature published from database inception to November 1, 2025. Relevant studies on medication-
related falls in older adults, both domestic and international, were included. Drug factors influencing falls in older adults were
summarized and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 22 studies were included. Four major classes of fall-risk-increasing drugs were
identified: psychotropic medications [12 studies, odds ratio (OR) range 1.500-5.790], cardiovascular system drugs (5 studies, OR
range 1.236-4.784), analgesics (3 studies, OR range 1.500-4.490), and hypoglycemic agents (3 studies, OR range 2.070-2.751).
Additionally, anticholinergic burden (1 study, OR was 2.610) and polypharmacy (7 studies, OR range 2.902-25.897 for the use
of ≥4 medications) were identified as significant risk factors for falls. CONCLUSIONS Falls in older adults are significantly
associated with psychotropic medications, cardiovascular system drugs, analgesics, and hypoglycemic agents, among which
psychotropic medications pose the highest risk. Anticholinergic burden and polypharmacy are also important risk factors. In clinical
practice, interventions should be implemented through deprescribing and risk monitoring to effectively reduce the risk of falls in
older adults.
KEYWORDS older adults; falls; risk factors; polypharmacy; scoping review
[1]
跌倒是全球老年人面临的重大公共卫生挑战,不仅 死亡率 。世界卫生组织统计数据显示,全球每年约有
会导致骨折、头部及脑部损伤等身体损害,还会引发老 68.4万例因跌倒致死事件,其中60岁以上老年人是跌倒
[2]
年人心理健康问题,甚至显著提升相关疾病的发病率和 致死的主要人群,其占比在各年龄段中居首位 。
药物所致的跌倒指因使用1种或多种药物而诱发的
Δ 基金项目 国家卫生健康委医院管理研究所医疗质量(循证)管
理研究项目(No.YLZLXZ23K004) 跌倒事件,这些药物可能通过影响患者平衡功能、意识
* 第一作者 硕 士 研 究 生 。 研 究 方 向 :临 床 药 学 。 E-mail: [3]
状态或血压水平,直接或间接增加跌倒风险 。随着年
499443718@qq.com
龄增长,老年人生理功能逐渐衰退,药物代谢能力呈下
# 通信作者 主任药师。研究方向:循证药学、药事管理、临床药
学。E-mail:277749097@qq.com 降趋势,且其共患多种慢性疾病,普遍存在多重用药现
· 960 · China Pharmacy 2026 Vol. 37 No. 7 中国药房 2026年第37卷第7期

