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·药事管理·
日本成本-效用评估制度对我国医保目录药品准入定价的启示
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王琳宁 ,杨盟雨,虞 杰,路 云(中国药科大学国际医药商学院,南京 211198)
中图分类号 R95 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1001-0408(2024)08-0901-05
DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2024.08.01
摘 要 日本于2019年开始正式对药品施行成本-效用评估政策,实现了不同品种的价格定量化调整。在评估品种上,日本采用
分级分类手段遴选预计年销售额较大的品种,并根据预先设定的增量成本-效果比(ICER)阈值对现有价格构成中的溢价部分和利
润部分进行调整,从而解决了由主观差异导致的调整标准和幅度不一致的问题;同时,该政策对部分药品进行了特殊考量,给予评
估豁免或提高ICER阈值的激励措施。在价格调整机制上,日本针对药品价格加算部分和营业利润部分,结合阶梯式ICER阈值和
量化公式,构建了有升有降的价格调整机制。我国在医保目录准入环节,仍存在部分药品价格形成的量化机制不够明确、价格修
正措施不完善、沟通环节滞后等问题。建议我国可在医保准入阶段提高特殊人群用药的ICER阈值,量化调增、调减的标准和幅
度,对提交高质量疗效证据的企业给予价格激励,前置企业沟通环节,就降价幅度过大的准入品种探索建立价格兜底机制,以进一
步提升我国医保目录准入过程中药品定价的科学性和公平性。
关键词 医保目录;药品准入;定价;医保谈判;成本-效用评估;阈值
Insights from Japan’s cost-effectiveness analysis policy on pricing for China’s NRDL access
WANG Linning,YANG Mengyu,YU Jie,LU Yun(School of International Pharmaceutical Business, China
Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China)
ABSTRACT The cost-effectiveness analysis policy for drugs was institutionalized in Japan since 2019, realizing quantitative
adjustment of price across varieties. A hierarchical categorization approach was adopted to select medicines with high expected
annual sales. For selected medicines, adjustments were made to the premium and profit components within the existing price
structure based on a pre-defined incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) threshold, effectively resolving the issue of inconsistent
criteria and magnitudes caused by subjective judgment. Meanwhile, incentive measures like evaluation exemption or threshold
enhancement were granted for specific medicines. Besides, a price adjustment mechanism, which was allowed for upward and
downward adjustments, involving tiered ICER threshold and quantified formulas, had been established for the premium and profit
components of drug price. In China’s National Reimbursement Drug List (NRDL) access, certain issues remained to be addressed:
insufficient clarity in the quantitative mechanism of price formation, incomplete price adjustment measures, and lagging in the
communication channels. It is recommended that the following measures could be referred to when further improving the
scientificity and fairness of drug pricing during China’s NRDL access, such as enhancing the ICER threshold for medicines catering
to special populations, quantifying criteria and extents for price adjustment, granting preferential pricing policies to pharmaceutical
companies that present high-quality evidence of effectiveness, preceding communication channels with pharmaceutical companies,
as well as exploring a price floor mechanism for the drugs with excessive price reduction.
KEYWORDS reimbursement drug list; drug access; pricing; NRDL negotiation; cost-effectiveness analysis; threshold
自国家医保局成立以来,我国在医保目录准入机 算报告和意向价格后,药物经济学和基金测算专家会基
制、续约规则设计上取得了重大的实践进展与丰硕的改 于药品综合价值的高低对企业提交的意向价格进行调
革成果,对我国医药产业的发展产生了深远的影响。但 整,最终形成医保谈判推荐价格,而价格调整的适用条
在医保目录准入环节,部分药品价格形成的量化机制还 件与幅度则由专家根据品种特点决定,故专家判断的主
不够明确。例如,企业向国家医保局提交药物经济学测 观差异可能会影响医保准入决策的科学性。为此,我国
需要持续完善以定量评估为核心的医保谈判价格形成
Δ 基金项目 国家医疗保障局医药价格和招标采购指导中心药品
机制,助力医保谈判药品的价格形成更加透明、科学。
国内外价格的对比分析项目(No.7422200094-001) 日本于2019年4月正式将成本-效用评估制度引入
*第一作者 博士研究生。研究方向:卫生经济、医药政策。E-
现有药品定价框架,以销售额为依据筛选对医保基金影
mail:wln00520@163.com
# 通信作者 教授,博士生导师。研究方向:医疗保险、医药政策。 响较大的品种,并要求这些品种的生产企业开展成本-
E-mail:luyuncpu@163.com 效用评估,再根据厚生劳动省(Ministry of Health,La‐
中国药房 2024年第35卷第8期 China Pharmacy 2024 Vol. 35 No. 8 · 901 ·