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·药事管理·
我国医药产品创新性与可及性的利益平衡及制度建构——以专
利链接制度为例 Δ
#
韩欣悦 ,聂洪涛(西安财经大学法学院,西安 710100)
*
中图分类号 R95;G306 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1001-0408(2021)18-2177-07
DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2021.18.01
摘 要 目的:为我国构建与国际接轨的专利链接制度、平衡原研药企业与仿制药企业之间的利益冲突提供参考。方法:介绍美
国专利链接相关配套制度,结合国内外药品专利保护的发展现状和有关制度,分析我国药品专利管理制度中存在的问题,并提出
完善建议。结果与结论:美国专利链接制度包括桔皮书制度、仿制药专利声明制度、仿制药审批等待期以及首仿药市场独占期制
度等内容。医药产品领域创新性与可及性面临着“公地悲剧”与“反公地悲剧”两难困境。我国药品专利保护存在着研发创新能力
不足制约着医药产业发展、法律法规不完善不利于医药专利纠纷的解决等诸多问题。建议我国可采取建立专利药品数字化信息
库、规范现有的仿制药专利声明制度、促进专利诉讼周期与审批等待期的相互协调、增加医药产业自主创新能力等措施,促进医药
创新与药品可及性的相互协调,共同推动药品知识产权立法的完善和医疗卫生事业的发展。
关键词 药品专利;创新性;可及性;利益平衡;原研药;仿制药;专利链接制度
Benefit Balance and System Construction of Innovation and Accessibility of Pharmaceutical Products in
China:Taking the Patent Linking System as an Example
HAN Xinyue,NIE Hongtao(School of Law,Xi’an University of Finance and Economics,Xi’an 710100,
China)
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for constructing a patent linking system in line with international standards and
balancing the interest conflict between original drug enterprises and generic drug enterprises. METHODS:The relevant supporting
systems of patent link in the United States were introduced;combined with the development status and relevant systems of drug
patent protection at home and abroad,the existing problems of China’s drug patent management system were analyzed to put
forward suggestions for improvement. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The United States patent linking system included Orange
book system,generic drug patent declaration system,generic drug approval waiting period and market monopoly period system of
the first generic drug. The innovation and accessibility in the field of pharmaceutical products were facing the dilemma of
“commons tragedy”and“anti commons tragedy”. There were many problems in China’s drug patent protection,such as
insufficient R&D and innovation ability inhibited the development of the pharmaceutical industry,imperfect laws and regulations
were not conducive to the settlement of medical professional disputes. It is suggested to establish a digital information database of
patented drugs,standardize the existing generic drug patent declaration system,promote the coordination between patent litigation
cycle and approval waiting period,increase the independent innovation ability of the pharmaceutical industry,promote the
coordination between pharmaceutical innovation and drug accessibility,and jointly promote the improvement of intellectual property
legislation and the development of medical and health undertakings.
KEYWORDS Drug patent;Innovation;Accessibility;Interest balance;Original drugs;Generic drugs;Patent linking system
随着全球化进程的深入推进,国际间人口、贸易的 引起了社会各界的广泛关注,关于药品专利权和生命健
[2]
流动更加频繁,公共健康危机的波及范围也越来越 康权的矛盾也日渐显现 。药品作为知识密集型产品,
[1]
广 。近年来,严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)、禽流感、甲 制药企业一直将专利保护视为生存发展的“生命线”。
型 H1N1流感、新型冠状病毒肺炎等流行性疾病相继出 专利保护有助于制药企业研发新药、刺激医药行业的整
现,给人们的生命和财产造成严重损害,阻碍了人们生 体创新,但过度的专利保护将会增加公众的医疗成
[3]
产生活的正常进行。药品作为解决流行性疾病的关键, 本 。技术进步给制药企业带来了丰厚的利润,但与此
同时在许多国家也产生了由专利药品价格高昂引发的
Δ 基金项目:陕西省社会科学基金项目(No.2017F012);西安财经 可及性危机,而在全球公共健康危机的背景下,医药产
大学“青年英才发展支持计划”
[4]
品创新与保障可及性的矛盾更加突出 ,引发了学者对
*硕士研究生。研究方向:知识产权。电话:029-83695670
# 通信作者:教授,硕士生导师,博士。研究方向:知识产权。电 药品专利制度的反思和对相关措施完善的探讨。药品
话:029-83695670。E-mail:niehongtao716@163.com 专利链接制度是指仿制药上市批准与创新药品专利期
中国药房 2021年第32卷第18期 China Pharmacy 2021 Vol. 32 No. 18 ·2177 ·